The most-misunderstood chapter. "The end justifies the means" is the third-party observer's frame, not Machiavelli's ethics. The right reading: the world judges means by the ends they produced; therefore practical wisdom is to (a) act, (b) take responsibility, (c) navigate the visibility gap without being captured by it.
Three layered prescriptions: 1. Be the good qualities. 2. Have a mind ready to turn itself accordingly as the winds and variations of fortune force it, yet, as I have said above, not to diverge from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to know how to set about it. (ch. XVIII) 3. Avoid the bad cases.
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